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Person · Tribe of Judah

Solomon

King living at the time of United Monarchy

Solomon, also called Jedidiah, was the son of David and Bathsheba who succeeded his father as king of Israel and was renowned for his wisdom, wealth, and the construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem.

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Also known as Jedidiah

Solomon, also known as Jedidiah, was the son of King David and Bathsheba, and the third king of Israel (2Sa.12.24; 1Ch.3.5). He was born in Jerusalem and named Solomon by his parents, but the prophet Nathan called him Jedidiah, which means "beloved of the Lord" (2Sa.12.25).

Solomon ascended to the throne after his father David's death, following a power struggle with his older brother Adonijah (1Kings 1-2). As king, Solomon prayed for wisdom to govern his people, and God granted him exceptional wisdom, understanding, and knowledge (1Ki.3.1-15; 2Ch.1.1-12). His wisdom was demonstrated through his fair judgments, such as the famous case of the two women claiming the same baby (1Ki.3.16-28).

During his reign, Solomon undertook ambitious construction projects, most notably the building of the First Temple in Jerusalem, which took seven years to complete (1Kings 6; 2Chronicles 3-4). He also built a palace for himself, fortified cities, and established a strong military force (1Kings 7; 1Ki.9.15-19; 10.26-29; 2Ch.8.1-6; 9.25-28).

Solomon's reign was marked by prosperity, wealth, and international recognition. He formed alliances with neighboring kingdoms, engaged in extensive trade, and received tribute from foreign rulers (1Kings 5; 2Ch.9.26-28; 10.1-29; 2Ch.8.17-18; 9.1-28). The Queen of Sheba visited Solomon to test his wisdom and left impressed by his knowledge and the splendor of his court (1Ki.10.1-13; 2Ch.9.1-12).

However, Solomon's later years were marked by a decline in his faithfulness to God. He married many foreign women and allowed their religious practices to influence him, leading to the worship of false gods (1Ki.11.1-8). As a result, God declared that the kingdom would be divided after Solomon's death (1Ki.11.9-13).

Solomon is traditionally credited with authoring several biblical books, including Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon (Pro.1.1; Ecc.1.1; Sng.1.1). His wisdom and proverbs were widely celebrated and studied (1Ki.4.29-34; Pro.1.1; 10.1; 25.1).

After a reign of forty years, Solomon died and was succeeded by his son Rehoboam (1Ki.11.41-43; 2Ch.9.29-31). As prophesied, the kingdom was divided into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah shortly after his death (1Kings 12; 2Chronicles 10).

Family

Father
David
Mother
Bathsheba

Connections

Part of: Kings, prophets and the house of David · The royal line: Judah to David to Jesus

Nathan delivers the Davidic covenant

RoleStated in the text

Nathan first approved David's plan for a temple, then delivered God's promise of an eternal dynasty through David's son (2 Sam 7). Later he and Bathsheba secured Solomon's succession, and he is reported as a chronicler of David's and Solomon's reigns.

Where the text shows it: 2 Sam 7:1-17 — The dynastic oracle1 Kgs 1:11-14 — Nathan and Bathsheba act for Solomon1 Chr 29:29 — Nathan the seer records David's acts2 Chr 9:29 — Nathan's writing on Solomon

Sources: 2 Sam 7:1-17 · 1 Kgs 1:11-14 · 1 Chr 29:29 · 2 Chr 9:29

Solomon versus Adonijah: the succession struggle

RoleStated in the text

Adonijah, backed by Joab and Abiathar, declared himself king. Nathan and Bathsheba got David to confirm Solomon, and Zadok, Nathan and Benaiah anointed him at Gihon. Solomon then had Adonijah and Joab killed and sent Abiathar to Anathoth.

Where the text shows it: 1 Kgs 1:5-10 — Adonijah's party1 Kgs 1:32-40 — Solomon anointed at Gihon1 Kgs 2:23-35 — Adonijah and Joab executed; Abiathar exiled

Sources: 1 Kgs 1:5-10 · 1 Kgs 1:32-40 · 1 Kgs 2:23-35

Hiram of Tyre: ally of David and Solomon

WorkStated in the text

Hiram, king of Tyre, sent cedar and craftsmen for David's palace and later supplied Solomon with timber and skilled labour for the temple in exchange for food; the two exchanged cities and gold.

Where the text shows it: 2 Sam 5:11 — Hiram sends cedar and craftsmen to David1 Kgs 5:1-12 — Hiram and Solomon's treaty1 Kgs 9:10-14 — Exchange of cities and gold

Sources: 2 Sam 5:11 · 1 Kgs 5:1-12 · 1 Kgs 9:10-14

Solomon to Rehoboam: a divided inheritance

FamilyStated in the text

Solomon's forced labour and taxes angered the northern tribes. After his death they asked Rehoboam to lighten the burden; Rehoboam followed the advice of his young companions and answered harshly, and ten tribes left.

Where the text shows it: 1 Kgs 11:26-28 — Labour conscription1 Kgs 12:1-15 — Rehoboam's answer1 Kgs 12:16-19 — Northern tribes withdraw

Sources: 1 Kgs 11:26-28 · 1 Kgs 12:1-15 · 1 Kgs 12:16-19

Jeroboam and Rehoboam: the kingdom divides

RoleStated in the text

Jeroboam, an Ephraimite overseer, was told by the prophet Ahijah that he would rule ten tribes; Solomon tried to kill him and he fled to Shishak of Egypt. After the split Jeroboam set up golden calves at Bethel and Dan. Shishak later invaded Judah in Rehoboam's fifth year.

Where the text shows it: 1 Kgs 11:29-40 — Ahijah's prophecy; Jeroboam flees to Shishak1 Kgs 12:25-33 — Golden calves at Bethel and Dan1 Kgs 14:25-26 — Shishak invades Judah

Sources: 1 Kgs 11:29-40 · 1 Kgs 12:25-33 · 1 Kgs 14:25-26

David to Jesus through Solomon (Matthew)

FamilyStated in the text

Matthew traces the royal line from David through Solomon and the kings of Judah to Jehoiachin, then through Shealtiel and Zerubbabel to Joseph, husband of Mary. It lists fourteen generations in each of three groups, selectively.

Where the text shows it: Matt 1:6-11 — David to JeconiahMatt 1:12-16 — Jeconiah to Joseph and JesusMatt 1:17 — Three sets of fourteen generations

Sources: Matt 1:6-11 · Matt 1:12-16 · Matt 1:17

The Davidic covenant: from 2 Samuel 7 to the New Testament

RoleWidely accepted

God promised David a house and a throne "forever" through his descendant. Psalm 89 and Isaiah 9 and 11 develop this, and Luke 1:32-33 and Acts 2:30 apply it to Jesus; Jewish readers await a future Davidic king.

Where the text shows it: 2 Sam 7:12-16 — The promisePs 89:3-4 — Covenant with DavidLuke 1:32-33 — Gabriel to MaryActs 2:30 — Peter on David's oath
Ways people read this (2)
  • Christian reading: fulfilled in Jesus as the messianic Son of David.
  • Jewish reading: awaits a future Davidic king; fulfilment in the Davidic dynasty's continuation.

Sources: 2 Sam 7:12-16 · Ps 89:3-4 · Luke 1:32-33 · Acts 2:30

Bible dictionary

Solomon Easton Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897)

Peaceful, (Heb. Shelomoh), David’s second son by Bathsheba, i.e., the first after their legal marriage (2 Sam. 12). He was probably born about B.C. 1035 (1 Chr. 22:5; 29:1). He succeeded his father on the throne in early manhood, probably about sixteen or eighteen years of age. Nathan, to whom his education was intrusted, called him Jedidiah, i.e., “beloved of the Lord” (2 Sam. 12:24, 25). He was the first king of Israel “born in the purple.” His father chose him as his successor, passing over the claims of his elder sons: “Assuredly Solomon my son shall reign after me.” His history is recorded in 1 Kings 1-11 and 2 Chr. 1-9. His elevation to the throne took place before his father’s death, and was hastened on mainly by Nathan and Bathsheba, in consequence of the rebellion of Adonijah (1 Kings 1:5-40). During his long reign of forty years the Hebrew monarchy gained its highest splendour. This period has well been called the “Augustan age” of the Jewish annals. The first half of his reign was, however, by far the brighter and more prosperous; the latter half was clouded by the idolatries into which he fell, mainly from his heathen intermarriages (1 Kings 11:1-8; 14:21, 31). Before his death David gave parting instructions to his son (1 Kings 2:1-9; 1 Chr. 22:7-16; 28). As soon as he had settled himself in his kingdom, and arranged the affairs of his extensive empire, he entered into an alliance with Egypt by the marriage of the daughter of Pharaoh (1 Kings 3:1), of whom, however, nothing further is recorded. He surrounded himself with all the luxuries and the external grandeur of an Eastern monarch, and his government prospered. He entered into an alliance with Hiram, king of Tyre, who in many ways greatly assisted him in his numerous undertakings. (See HIRAM.) For some…

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Solomon Smith Smith’s Bible Dictionary (1863)

(peaceful). I. Early life and occasion to the throne .—Solomon was the child of David’s old age, the last born of all his sons. (1 Chronicles 3:5) The yearnings of the “man of war” led him to give to the new-horn infant the name of Solomon (Shelomoth, the peaceful one). Nathan, with a marked reference to the meaning of the king’s own name (David, the darling, the beloved one), calls the infant Jedidiah (Jedid’yah), that is, the darling of the Lord. (2 Samuel 11:24,25) He was placed under the care of Nathan from his earliest infancy. At first, apparently, there was no distinct purpose to make him the heir. Absalom was still the king’s favorite son, (2 Samuel 13:37; 18:33) and was looked on by the people as the destined successor. (2 Samuel 14:13; 15:1-6) The death of Absalom when Solomon was about ten years old left the place vacant, and David pledged his word in secret to Bath-sheba that he, and no other, should be the heir. (1 Kings 1:13) The words which were spoken somewhat later express, doubtless, the purpose which guided him throughout. (1 Chronicles 28:9; 20) His son’s life should not he as his own had been, one of hardships and wars, dark crimes and passionate repentance, but, from first to last, be pure, blameless, peaceful, fulfilling the ideal of glory and of righteousness after which he himself had vainly striven. The glorious visions of (Psalms 72:1) ... may be looked on as the prophetic expansion of these hopes of his old age. So far, all was well. Apparently his influence over his son’s character was one exclusively for good. Nothing that we know of Bath-sheba lends us to think of her as likely to mould her son’s mind and heart to the higher forms of goodness. Under these influences the boy grew up. At the age of ten or eleven he must have passed through…

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Solomon Hitchcock Hitchcock’s Bible Names Dictionary (1869)

peaceable; perfect; one who recompenses

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Solomon Hastings Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible (1898)

SOL'OMON (peaceful), from b.c. 1021-981 king of Israel, was the son and successor of David. Soon after the birth of Solomon, the prophet Nathan was sent by divine authority to give him the name of "Jedidiah," signifying "beloved of the Lord."; Toward the close of David's life a conspiracy was detected to place Adonijah on the throne. To settle the government in the order of the divine appointment, David caused Solomon to be invested with the robes of royalty and resigned to him voluntarily the sceptre of government, giving him a solemn charge respecting the administration of it. The early part of his reign was exceedingly prosperous, and was marked by several public acts which displayed his wisdom and piety. 1 Kgs 2:19, 1 Kgs 2:27, 1 Kgs 2:31; 1 Kgs 3:1, 1 Kgs 3:9, 1 Kgs 3:16-28. His court was distinguished for its magnificence, his dominions and revenue were vast, his personal character exalted, his wisdom proverbial, and his capital and palace renowned for wealth and splendor. 1 Kgs 4 and 1 Kgs 10. During his reign, for the only time in Jewish history, there was a flourishing commerce. The great event of his reign was the erection of the temple in Jerusalem (hence called Solomon's temple), begun in his fourth and finished in his eleventh year, which was designed by David, his father. 1 Chr 22:1-11. The plan and materials of the house and the furniture, as well as of the royal palace, are minutely described, 1 Kgs 6-7 (see Temple), as are also the services at the dedication of it. 1 Kgs 8. After this, Solomon received a renewed assurance of the divine favor and of a gracious answer to his prayers and supplications, and at the same time one of the most fearful denunciations of wrath in case he should forsake God's law. 1 Kgs 9:1-10. In the latter part of Solomon's…

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Solomon Schaff Schaff’s Dictionary of the Bible

SOL'OMON, PROVERBS OF. See Proverbs.

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Easton (1897), Smith (1863), Hitchcock (1869), Hastings (1898) and Schaff are in the public domain. Parsed text: neuu-org/bible-dictionary-dataset (CC BY 4.0). Headwords and whitespace normalised for this site.

Where Solomon appears

272 verses in 15 books · English text: BSB (change it from the menu at the top) · Strong’s H8010

2 Samuel3
1 Kings139
2 Kings4
1 Chronicles24
2 Chronicles74
Ezra2
Nehemiah5
Psalms2
Proverbs3
Song of Solomon7
Jeremiah1
Matthew4
Luke2
John1
Acts1

Names, family links and references: STEPBible TIPNR (Tyndale House Cambridge, CC BY 4.0). Short descriptions were drafted with AI assistance by STEPBible. Family links follow STEPBible’s scholarly decisions where genealogies are ambiguous.