1050 BC – 930 BC · 619 passages
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Judah's line from Hezron (went to Egypt with Jacob) down to David's father Jesse Best estimate
Hezron's line is traced through Ram, Boaz, Obed and Jesse to David, the seventh son. His sisters and their sons, including Joab, are also noted.
c. 1050 BC – Saul (Kish's son, of Benjamin) seeks lost donkeys and meets Samuel; Saul's reign is traditionally c. 1050–1010 BC Traditional date
Kish of Benjamin sends his tall, handsome son Saul with a servant to find lost donkeys. After a long search, Saul wants to turn back.
c. 1050 BC – Saul (Kish's son, of Benjamin) seeks lost donkeys and meets Samuel; Saul's reign is traditionally c. 1050–1010 BC Traditional date
The servant proposes consulting a respected man of God in the nearby city and offers a quarter shekel of silver as a gift. Saul agrees.
c. 1050 BC – Saul (Kish's son, of Benjamin) seeks lost donkeys and meets Samuel; Saul's reign is traditionally c. 1050–1010 BC Traditional date
Young women drawing water tell Saul the seer has just arrived for a sacrifice at the high place. Saul and his servant enter the city and meet Samuel coming toward them.
c. 1050 BC – Saul (Kish's son, of Benjamin) seeks lost donkeys and meets Samuel; Saul's reign is traditionally c. 1050–1010 BC Traditional date
The LORD had told Samuel the day before to anoint a Benjamite as ruler, and now tells him Saul is the man. Samuel tells Saul the donkeys are found and hints at his great destiny; Saul replies that he is from the smallest tribe.
c. 1050 BC – Saul (Kish's son, of Benjamin) seeks lost donkeys and meets Samuel; Saul's reign is traditionally c. 1050–1010 BC Traditional date
Samuel seats Saul at the place of honor with the portion set aside for him. The next morning, alone, Samuel says he will reveal God's word.
c. 1050 BC – Samuel privately anoints Saul at Ramah; the three signs are fulfilled and Saul prophesies Traditional date
Samuel anoints Saul with oil as ruler of God's people and predicts events on his journey: news of the donkeys, gifts of bread, and a group of prophets. The Spirit will transform Saul, and he is to wait for Samuel at Gilgal.
c. 1050 BC – Samuel privately anoints Saul at Ramah; the three signs are fulfilled and Saul prophesies Traditional date
God changes Saul's heart, and the signs happen that day. Saul prophesies with a group of prophets, which sparks the saying 'Is Saul also among the prophets?', but he tells his uncle nothing about the kingdom.
c. 1050 BC – Saul chosen by lot at Mizpah; Samuel writes down the rights of kingship Traditional date
Samuel gathers Israel and reminds them they rejected God by asking for a king. By lot the tribe of Benjamin and then Saul are chosen; Saul is found hiding among the baggage, and the people shout 'Long live the king!'
c. 1050 BC – Saul chosen by lot at Mizpah; Samuel writes down the rights of kingship Traditional date
Samuel writes the rights of kingship on a scroll and sends the people home. Saul goes home to Gibeah with supporters, while some troublemakers scorn him and he stays silent.
c. 1050–1049 BC – Nahash of Ammon besieges Jabesh-gilead; Saul rallies Israel and wins his first victory Traditional date
Nahash the Ammonite besieges Jabesh-gilead and offers a treaty only if he can put out everyone's right eye. The elders ask for seven days to seek help, and the news brings the people of Gibeah to tears.
c. 1050–1049 BC – Nahash of Ammon besieges Jabesh-gilead; Saul rallies Israel and wins his first victory Traditional date
The Spirit of God rushes on Saul, who sends pieces of oxen throughout Israel to summon the army. The troops gather, promise rescue, and defeat the Ammonites the next morning.
c. 1050–1049 BC – about a month later at Gilgal, Saul's kingship is confirmed before the LORD Traditional date
When the people want to kill those who doubted Saul, he refuses, crediting the LORD with the victory. Samuel takes everyone to Gilgal, where they confirm Saul as king and celebrate.
c. 1050–1049 BC – at Gilgal, early in Saul's reign, Samuel gives his farewell address; thunder in the wheat harvest (May–June) Traditional date
Samuel says he has done as the people asked in setting a king over them, and he asks them to name anything he has taken wrongly. They agree he has been honest.
c. 1050–1049 BC – at Gilgal, early in Saul's reign, Samuel gives his farewell address; thunder in the wheat harvest (May–June) Traditional date
Samuel reviews how God brought Israel out of Egypt, how they forgot him and were oppressed, and how he sent deliverers each time they cried out.
c. 1050–1049 BC – at Gilgal, early in Saul's reign, Samuel gives his farewell address; thunder in the wheat harvest (May–June) Traditional date
Samuel says the people asked for a king even though the LORD was their king. Both people and king are to fear and obey the LORD, or his hand will be against them.
c. 1050–1049 BC – at Gilgal, early in Saul's reign, Samuel gives his farewell address; thunder in the wheat harvest (May–June) Traditional date
Samuel calls on the LORD to send thunder and rain during harvest as a sign of the people's wrong. They are terrified and ask him to pray for them.
c. 1050–1049 BC – at Gilgal, early in Saul's reign, Samuel gives his farewell address; thunder in the wheat harvest (May–June) Traditional date
Samuel tells the people not to turn away from the LORD though they have done wrong. He promises to keep praying and teaching them and warns that persistent evil will sweep away both people and king.
Reign of Saul – Reubenites, Gadites and Manasseh defeat the Hagrites Best estimate
The eastern tribes fielded 44,760 warriors and fought the Hagrites and their allies. Because they cried out to God and trusted him, they won and took large amounts of livestock and captives.
Saul's family line – Kish, Saul and Jonathan, from Saul's time Best estimate
Jeiel of Gibeon's family is listed, leading to Ner, Kish and King Saul and his sons. The line of Jonathan's descendants continues through Merib-baal, Micah and Azel, and the chapter ends with 150 archers among Ulam's descendants.
Saul's genealogy repeated from 8:29–38, leading into his death Best estimate
Jeiel of Gibeon's family and the line of Saul, Jonathan and Merib-baal are repeated almost as in chapter 8. This prepares the way for the account of Saul's death.
Early in Saul's reign (c. 1050–1010 BC): Jonathan strikes a Philistine outpost; Philistines gather at Michmash (13:1 is textually unclear) Best estimate
Saul reigns and forms a small army. Jonathan attacks a Philistine outpost and the Philistines assemble a huge force, so the Israelites hide or flee and Saul's men tremble at Gilgal.
Early in Saul's reign (c. 1050–1010 BC): Jonathan strikes a Philistine outpost; Philistines gather at Michmash (13:1 is textually unclear) Best estimate
Saul waits seven days for Samuel, but as his men desert he offers the burnt offering himself. Samuel arrives and says Saul disobeyed the LORD's command, so his kingdom will not last and God has sought a man after his own heart.
Early in Saul's reign (c. 1050–1010 BC): Jonathan strikes a Philistine outpost; Philistines gather at Michmash (13:1 is textually unclear) Best estimate
Saul has only about six hundred men, and the Philistines send raiding parties. Because Philistines control the smiths, only Saul and Jonathan have swords or spears.
Early in Saul's reign: Jonathan's attack at Michmash routs the Philistines; Saul's rash oath Best estimate
Jonathan plans to cross to the Philistine outpost without telling his father. Saul stays near Gibeah with about six hundred men, including the priest Ahijah.
Early in Saul's reign: Jonathan's attack at Michmash routs the Philistines; Saul's rash oath Best estimate
Trusting that the LORD can save by many or few, Jonathan proposes a sign: if the Philistines invite them up, God has given them victory. They do, the two kill about twenty men, and panic spreads through the Philistine army.
Early in Saul's reign: Jonathan's attack at Michmash routs the Philistines; Saul's rash oath Best estimate
Saul's watchmen see the Philistines melting away, and Saul finds Jonathan is missing. Saul and his men join the battle and find Philistines fighting each other, while hidden Israelites join in. The LORD saves Israel.
Early in Saul's reign: Jonathan's attack at Michmash routs the Philistines; Saul's rash oath Best estimate
Saul forbids his troops to eat until evening, leaving them faint. Unaware of the oath, Jonathan tastes honey and is revived, then says his father has troubled the land.
Early in Saul's reign: Jonathan's attack at Michmash routs the Philistines; Saul's rash oath Best estimate
Exhausted, the troops seize plunder and eat meat with blood in it. Saul has a stone brought so they can slaughter properly, and he builds an altar.
Early in Saul's reign: Jonathan's attack at Michmash routs the Philistines; Saul's rash oath Best estimate
Saul asks God whether to pursue the Philistines but gets no answer, so lots reveal that Jonathan broke the oath. Saul declares Jonathan must die, but the people insist he be spared for what he accomplished.
Summary of Saul's wars and family across his reign (traditionally c. 1050–1010 BC) Best estimate
This summary lists Saul's victories over Israel's enemies, his family members and the commander Abner. It notes the fierce fight with the Philistines throughout his reign.
Later in Saul's reign: Samuel commands war on Amalek; Saul spares Agag and the best livestock, and the kingdom is torn from him Best estimate
Samuel tells Saul to devote Amalek to destruction because of what they did to Israel after Egypt. Saul wins but spares King Agag and the best animals.
Later in Saul's reign: Samuel commands war on Amalek; Saul spares Agag and the best livestock, and the kingdom is torn from him Best estimate
God tells Samuel he regrets making Saul king, and Samuel spends the night in distress. He finds Saul, who claims to have obeyed, but Samuel asks about the bleating sheep, and Saul blames the troops.
Later in Saul's reign: Samuel commands war on Amalek; Saul spares Agag and the best livestock, and the kingdom is torn from him Best estimate
Samuel reminds Saul of his mission, and Saul insists he obeyed. Samuel answers that obedience is better than sacrifice and that because Saul rejected God's word, God has rejected him as king.
Later in Saul's reign: Samuel commands war on Amalek; Saul spares Agag and the best livestock, and the kingdom is torn from him Best estimate
Saul admits he feared the people and asks forgiveness, but Samuel says God has rejected him. When Samuel turns away, Saul tears his robe, and Samuel says the kingdom has been torn from him.
Later in Saul's reign: Samuel commands war on Amalek; Saul spares Agag and the best livestock, and the kingdom is torn from him Best estimate
Samuel has Agag brought and puts him to death. He and Saul then go home to separate towns and never meet again, and Samuel mourns for Saul.
Late in Saul's reign: Samuel anoints the youth David at Bethlehem (David born c. 1040 BC, king of Judah c. 1010) Best estimate
God tells Samuel to stop mourning Saul and go to Jesse of Bethlehem, where God has chosen a king. Samuel fears Saul, so God tells him to bring a heifer for sacrifice.
Late in Saul's reign: Samuel anoints the youth David at Bethlehem (David born c. 1040 BC, king of Judah c. 1010) Best estimate
Samuel assumes tall Eliab is the one, but the LORD says he looks at the heart, not appearance. After seven sons pass by, Jesse brings the youngest, David, and Samuel anoints him; the Spirit rushes on David.
Late in Saul's reign: Saul, tormented by an evil spirit, takes David into his service as harpist and armor-bearer Best estimate
The Spirit of the LORD leaves Saul and a spirit of distress torments him. His servants suggest a harp player, and one of them recommends David as a skilled musician and warrior.
Late in Saul's reign: Saul, tormented by an evil spirit, takes David into his service as harpist and armor-bearer Best estimate
Saul sends for David, and Jesse sends David with gifts. Saul loves David and makes him his armor-bearer, and David's harp playing relieves Saul.
Late in Saul's reign: David, a young man, kills the Philistine champion Goliath in the Valley of Elah Best estimate
The Philistine and Israelite armies face each other across the Valley of Elah. Goliath, a giant in heavy armor, dares Israel to send one man to fight him, and Saul and his army are terrified.
Late in Saul's reign: David, a young man, kills the Philistine champion Goliath in the Valley of Elah Best estimate
David is introduced as the youngest of Jesse's sons. His three oldest brothers are with Saul while David tends sheep, and Goliath taunts Israel for forty days.
Late in Saul's reign: David, a young man, kills the Philistine champion Goliath in the Valley of Elah Best estimate
Jesse sends David with food for his brothers. He arrives as Goliath issues his challenge, sees the soldiers flee, and asks what reward awaits whoever kills him.
Late in Saul's reign: David, a young man, kills the Philistine champion Goliath in the Valley of Elah Best estimate
David's brother Eliab angrily accuses him of pride, but David keeps asking. Brought to Saul, David offers to fight Goliath, saying that the LORD who delivered him from a lion and a bear will deliver him from this Philistine.
Late in Saul's reign: David, a young man, kills the Philistine champion Goliath in the Valley of Elah Best estimate
Saul's armor does not fit David, so he takes his staff, five stones and sling. Goliath curses him, and David answers that he comes in the name of the LORD, so all will know the battle is the LORD's.
Late in Saul's reign: David, a young man, kills the Philistine champion Goliath in the Valley of Elah Best estimate
David slings a stone into Goliath's forehead, and Goliath falls. David cuts off his head with Goliath's own sword, and the Philistines flee, pursued by Israel.
Late in Saul's reign: David, a young man, kills the Philistine champion Goliath in the Valley of Elah Best estimate
Saul asks Abner who the young man is, and Abner does not know. David is brought before Saul with Goliath's head and says he is Jesse's son from Bethlehem.
Just after Goliath: Jonathan befriends David and the women's song provokes Saul's jealousy Best estimate
Jonathan loves David as himself and makes a covenant with him, giving him his robe, sword, bow and belt. David prospers as Saul sets him over the men of war.
Just after Goliath: Jonathan befriends David and the women's song provokes Saul's jealousy Best estimate
Returning from battle, women sing that Saul has slain thousands and David tens of thousands. Saul is furious and begins to watch David with suspicion.
c. 1020–1003 BC – traditionally David pursued by Saul's circle (Cush the Benjamite); exact date unknown Best estimate
The psalmist asks the LORD to save him from those pursuing him, comparing them to a lion that would tear him apart with no one to rescue him.
c. 1020–1003 BC – traditionally David pursued by Saul's circle (Cush the Benjamite); exact date unknown Best estimate
He declares his innocence by saying that if he has done wrong to friend or foe, his enemy may rightly overtake him. He puts himself under this oath before God.
c. 1020–1003 BC – traditionally David pursued by Saul's circle (Cush the Benjamite); exact date unknown Best estimate
He calls on God to rise in anger and take His seat as judge over the nations. He asks to be vindicated and for God to end the evil of the wicked and support the righteous.
c. 1020–1003 BC – traditionally David pursued by Saul's circle (Cush the Benjamite); exact date unknown Best estimate
The psalmist affirms that God shields the upright and is a righteous judge. If people do not repent, He is like a warrior who has sharpened his sword and readied his bow.
c. 1020–1003 BC – traditionally David pursued by Saul's circle (Cush the Benjamite); exact date unknown Best estimate
Using images of pregnancy and digging, the psalmist says the wicked conceive trouble and give birth to lies. They fall into the pit they dug, and their violence returns on them.
c. 1020–1003 BC – traditionally David pursued by Saul's circle (Cush the Benjamite); exact date unknown Best estimate
The psalm ends with a vow to give thanks to the LORD for His righteousness and to sing praise to His name.
Saul's jealousy grows: he hurls spears at David, sets him over troops, and offers Merab then Michal in marriage Best estimate
A distressing spirit comes on Saul, who throws his spear at David twice while David plays the harp. Saul, afraid because the LORD is with David, sends him away to lead soldiers, and all Israel loves David.
Saul's jealousy grows: he hurls spears at David, sets him over troops, and offers Merab then Michal in marriage Best estimate
Saul offers Merab, then Michal, hoping the Philistines will kill David. Through his servants he sets a bride price of a hundred Philistine foreskins.
Saul's jealousy grows: he hurls spears at David, sets him over troops, and offers Merab then Michal in marriage Best estimate
David kills two hundred Philistines and pays the price, and Saul gives him Michal. Seeing that the LORD is with David, Saul becomes his lasting enemy.
Saul seeks David's death; Jonathan and Michal help David escape, and he flees to Samuel at Ramah Best estimate
Saul orders Jonathan and his servants to kill David, but Jonathan warns David and speaks up for him. Saul swears David will not be killed, and David returns to court.
Saul seeks David's death; Jonathan and Michal help David escape, and he flees to Samuel at Ramah Best estimate
After another victory, the spirit of distress returns and Saul throws his spear at David, who flees. Michal warns him and lowers him through a window, then puts an idol in the bed to trick Saul's messengers.