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Person · Tribe of Reuben

Reuben

Jacob's son living at the time of the Patriarchs

Reuben was the firstborn son of Jacob and Leah, and his descendants formed one of the twelve tribes of Israel.

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Also known as Reubenite

Reuben was the firstborn son of Israel (or 'Jacob') and Leah (Gen.29.32). As the firstborn, he held a position of prominence and was entitled to a double portion of the inheritance (Gen.49.3; Deu.21.17). However, Reuben lost his birthright due to his sin of sleeping with his father's concubine, Bilhah (Gen.35.22; 49.3-4; 1Ch.5.1). Despite this, Reuben showed concern for his younger brother Joseph and tried to save him from their brothers' plot to kill him (Gen.37.21-22, 29). Later, he offered to bear the blame if harm came to Benjamin on their journey to Egypt (Gen.42.37). When Jacob blessed his sons, he described Reuben as "unstable as water" and declared that he would not excel because of his past actions (Gen.49.3-4). The tribe of Reuben, along with the tribes of Gad and half of Manasseh, settled in the land east of the Jordan River (Numbers 32; Jos.13.15-23). They assisted the other tribes in conquering Canaan before returning to their inheritance (Joshua 22). In the time of the judges, the tribe of Reuben was criticized for not assisting Deborah and Barak in the fight against Sisera (Jdg.5.15-16). The tribe of Reuben is mentioned in the visions of Ezekiel and Revelation, symbolizing its place among the restored tribes of Israel (Ezk.48.6-7, 31; Rev.7.5).

Family

Father
Israel
Mother
Leah

Connections

Part of: The patriarchal families

Leah's sons and daughter

FamilyStated in the text

Leah bore Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun and Dinah. Her sons include the priestly tribe (Levi) and the royal tribe (Judah); Reuben, Simeon and Levi are all set back in Jacob's final words.

Where the text shows it: Gen 29:31-35 — Reuben, Simeon, Levi, JudahGen 30:17-21 — Issachar, Zebulun, DinahGen 49:3-7 — Jacob rebukes Reuben, Simeon and Levi

Sources: Gen 29:31-35 · Gen 30:17-21 · Gen 49:3-7

Reuben and Joseph: the firstborn who failed

FamilyStated in the text

Reuben tried to rescue Joseph from the pit but was not present at the sale; later he offered his own sons as surety for Benjamin. He remained firstborn by order but lost leadership to Judah (royalty) and Joseph (double portion).

Where the text shows it: Gen 37:21-22 — Reuben tries to spare JosephGen 37:29-30 — Reuben finds the pit emptyGen 42:37 — Reuben offers his sons for Benjamin1 Chr 5:1-2 — Birthright to Joseph, leadership to Judah

Sources: Gen 37:21-22 · Gen 37:29-30 · Gen 42:37 · 1 Chr 5:1-2

Joseph and his brothers: envy, the pit and the sale

FamilyStated in the text

Favoured by Jacob, given a special robe and telling dreams of dominance, Joseph was hated by his brothers, thrown in a pit, and sold to Ishmaelite/Midianite traders on Judah's suggestion. Joseph later interprets these events as God's preservation of life.

Where the text shows it: Gen 37:3-11 — Favour, robe, dreamsGen 37:26-28 — Judah proposes selling JosephGen 45:5-8 — Joseph's providential readingGen 50:20 — "You meant evil against me, but God meant it for good"

Sources: Gen 37:3-11 · Gen 37:26-28 · Gen 45:5-8 · Gen 50:20

Bible dictionary

Reuben Easton Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897)

Behold a son!, the eldest son of Jacob and Leah (Gen. 29:32). His sinful conduct, referred to in Gen. 35:22, brought down upon him his dying father’s malediction (48:4). He showed kindness to Joseph, and was the means of saving his life when his other brothers would have put him to death (37:21, 22). It was he also who pledged his life and the life of his sons when Jacob was unwilling to let Benjamin go down into Egypt. After Jacob and his family went down into Egypt (46:8) no further mention is made of Reuben beyond what is recorded in ch. 49:3, 4.

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Reuben Smith Smith’s Bible Dictionary (1863)

(behold a son), Jacob’s firstborn Child, (Genesis 29:32) the son of Leah. (B.C. 1753.) The notices of the patriarch Reuben give, on the whole a favorable view of his disposition. To him and him alone the preservation of Joseph’s life appears to have been due and afterward he becomes responsible for his safety. (Genesis 37:18-30; 42:37) Of the repulsive crime which mars his history, and which turned the blessing of his dying father into a curse—his adulterous connection with Bilhah— we know from the Scriptures only the fact. (Genesis 35:22) He was of an ardent, impetuous, unbalanced but not ungenerous nature; not crafty and cruel, as were Simeon and Levi, but rather, to use the metaphor of the dying patriarch, boiling up like a vessel of water over a rapid wood fire, and as quickly subsiding when the fuel was withdrawn. At the time of the migration into Egypt, Reuben’s sons were four. (Genesis 46:9; 1 Chronicles 5:3) The census at Mount Sinai, (Numbers 1:20,21; 2:11) shows that at the exodus the men of the tribe above twenty years of age and fit for active warlike service numbered 46,600. The Reubenites maintained the ancient calling of their forefathers. Their cattle accompanied them in their flight from Egypt. (Exodus 12:38) Territory of the tribe .—The portion of the promised land selected by Reuben had the special name of “the Mishor,” with reference possibly to its evenness. Under its modern name of the Belka it is still esteemed beyond all others by the Arab sheep-masters. It was a fine pasture-land east of the Jordan, lying between the river Arnon on the south and Gilead on the north. Though the Israelites all aided the Reubenites in conquering the land, and they in return helped their brothers to secure their own possessions, still there was always afterward a…

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Reuben Hitchcock Hitchcock’s Bible Names Dictionary (1869)

who sees the son; the vision of the son

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Reuben Hastings Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible (1898)

REU'BEN (behold a son!) was the eldest son of Jacob and Leah. Gen 29:32. He lost the privileges of birthright in consequence of a grievous sin. Gen 35:22; Gen 49:3-4. In spite of his impulsiveness, however, he was kind of heart, as shows his relation to the conspiracy against Joseph. Gen 37:18-30; Gen 42:37. It was said of Reuben by his father Jacob, "Unstable as water," Gen 49:4, and Deborah and Sisera sang in reproach of Reuben, Jud 5:15-16; the tribe, at times, showed military prowess and extended its boundaries. 1 Chr 5:1-10, 1 Chr 5:18-22. At the first census in the wilderness his descendants, the Reubenites. or the tribe of Reuben, numbered 46,500, Num 1:20-21, but at the second census they had decreased to 43,730. The Reubenites soon became wealthy herdsmen, but they were averse to war, Jud 5:15-16, and were the first who were carried away into captivity.

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Reuben Schaff Schaff’s Dictionary of the Bible

REUBEN, TERRITORY OF. The region allotted to this tribe in the Promised Land lay on the east side of the Jordan and the Salt Sea. It extended from the river Arnon on the south, beyond the Wady Heshban on the north, reaching to the possessions of the tribe of Gad, and from the Jordan valley it stretched eastward indefinitely to the desert. The allotment is described in Josh 13:15-21; comp. Num 32:37-38. This region had been held by the Moabites, who were driven out by Sihon, king of the Amorites, and he in turn was dispossessed by the Israelites, Num 21:24; Deut 3:16-17; Josh 13:15-28. This district consisted of three parts - the low region along the sea and the river, the mountains, and beyond them, to the east, an extensive rolling plateau known as the Belkah, well watered and abounding with forest and pasture-land well adapted for herdsmen. It included the fertile plains of Medeba, fourteen important towns, besides the "cities of the plain," and the entire kingdom of the Amorites. It was excellent for grazing, having fine pasture-land. Among its prominent towns were Medeba, Heshbon, Dibon, Baal-meon, Beth-peor, Bezer, Jahazah, and Kedemoth. A notice of these cities will be found under their respective titles. The people of this territory were aided in conquering it by the entire body of the Israelites, and they in turn aided their brethren in conquering Western Palestine when they returned to their own country, erecting a stone memorial, in connection with other tribes east

of the Jordan, to note the common inheritance. Josh 22:10-34. For an account of the tribal history, see previous article. Their territory has only been partially explored, but the finding of the "Moabite Stone" at Dibon, and the many ruins with which the surface of the whole region is strewn…

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Easton (1897), Smith (1863), Hitchcock (1869), Hastings (1898) and Schaff are in the public domain. Parsed text: neuu-org/bible-dictionary-dataset (CC BY 4.0). Headwords and whitespace normalised for this site.

Where Reuben appears

85 verses in 10 books · English text: BSB (change it from the menu at the top) · Strong’s H7205

Genesis13
Exodus2
Numbers19
Deuteronomy7
Joshua25
Judges2
2 Kings1
1 Chronicles12
Ezekiel3
Revelation1

Names, family links and references: STEPBible TIPNR (Tyndale House Cambridge, CC BY 4.0). Short descriptions were drafted with AI assistance by STEPBible. Family links follow STEPBible’s scholarly decisions where genealogies are ambiguous.