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Ishmael

Abraham's son living at the time of the Patriarchs

Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar, was the ancestor of various Arab tribes. Though not the chosen heir, he was still blessed by God.

🗺 Places mentioned alongside Ishmael on the map →

Also known as Ishmaelite · Ishmeelite

Ishmael was the first son of Abraham, born to him through Hagar, Sarah's Egyptian maidservant (Gen.16.15). His birth came after Sarah, who was barren, had given Hagar to Abraham to bear a child on her behalf. God spoke to Hagar, telling her to name the child Ishmael, meaning "God hears" (Gen.16.11).

As he grew, Ishmael became a skilled archer (Gen.21.20). When Isaac was born to Sarah, she insisted that Abraham send Hagar and Ishmael away (Gen.21.10). God confirmed this action but promised to make Ishmael a great nation (Gen.21.13,18). Ishmael settled in the wilderness of Paran and married an Egyptian woman (Gen.21.21).

Ishmael had twelve sons who became tribal rulers (Gen.17.20; 25.13-16). He lived to be 137 years old (Gen.25.17). Ishmael and Isaac together buried their father Abraham (Gen.25.9).

Ishmael's descendants, the Ishmaelites, are mentioned as traders who purchased Joseph from his brothers (Gen.37.25-28; 39.1). They are also noted as skilled archers (Isa.21.17) and as enemies of Israel (Psa.83.6). One of David's warriors, Zebadiah, was the son of an Ishmaelite (1Ch.2.17; 27.30).

Ishmael represents the ancestors of various Arab tribes. His story illustrates God's faithfulness to His promises, even to those not chosen for the primary covenant line.

Family

Father
Abraham
Mother
Hagar

Connections

Part of: The patriarchal families

Isaac and Ishmael: two sons of Abraham by two mothers

FamilyStated in the text

Ishmael was born to Abraham and Sarah's servant Hagar, Isaac to Sarah. Tension over inheritance led to Hagar and Ishmael's departure, yet both sons are blessed in God's promises, and they together buried Abraham at Machpelah.

Where the text shows it: Gen 16:15 — Ishmael is born to HagarGen 21:8-14 — Isaac weaned; Hagar and Ishmael sent awayGen 17:20 — Ishmael is promised to become a great nationGen 25:9 — Isaac and Ishmael bury Abraham

Sources: Gen 16:15 · Gen 21:8-14 · Gen 17:20 · Gen 25:9

Esau marries into Ishmael's family

FamilyStated in the text

Seeing that Isaac disapproved of Canaanite wives, Esau married Mahalath, daughter of Ishmael and sister of Nebaioth, joining the two lines descended from Abraham outside the promised line.

Where the text shows it: Gen 28:8-9 — Esau takes Ishmael's daughter Mahalath as wifeGen 36:3 — Genealogy names her Basemath, daughter of Ishmael

Sources: Gen 28:8-9 · Gen 36:3

Bible dictionary

Ishmael Easton Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897)

God hears. (1.) Abraham’s eldest son, by Hagar the concubine (Gen. 16:15; 17:23). He was born at Mamre, when Abraham was eighty-six years of age, eleven years after his arrival in Canaan (16:3; 21:5). At the age of thirteen he was circumcised (17:25). He grew up a true child of the desert, wild and wayward. On the occasion of the weaning of Isaac his rude and wayward spirit broke out in expressions of insult and mockery (21:9, 10); and Sarah, discovering this, said to Abraham, “Expel this slave and her son.” Influenced by a divine admonition, Abraham dismissed Hagar and her son with no more than a skin of water and some bread. The narrative describing this act is one of the most beautiful and touching incidents of patriarchal life (Gen. 21:14-16). (See HAGAR.) Ishmael settled in the land of Paran, a region lying between Canaan and the mountains of Sinai; and “God was with him, and he became a great archer” (Gen. 21:9-21). He became a great desert chief, but of his history little is recorded. He was about ninety years of age when his father Abraham died, in connection with whose burial he once more for a moment reappears. On this occasion the two brothers met after being long separated. “Isaac with his hundreds of household slaves, Ishmael with his troops of wild retainers and half-savage allies, in all the state of a Bedouin prince, gathered before the cave of Machpelah, in the midst of the men of Heth, to pay the last duties to the ‘father of the faithful,’ would make a notable subject for an artist” (Gen. 25:9). Of the after events of his life but little is known. He died at the age of one hundred and thirty-seven years, but where and when are unknown (25:17). He had twelve sons, who became the founders of so many Arab tribes or colonies, the Ishmaelites, who spread…

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Easton (1897), Smith (1863), Hitchcock (1869), Hastings (1898) and Schaff are in the public domain. Parsed text: neuu-org/bible-dictionary-dataset (CC BY 4.0). Headwords and whitespace normalised for this site.

Where Ishmael appears

27 verses in 5 books · English text: BSB (change it from the menu at the top) · Strong’s H3458

Genesis19
Judges1
2 Samuel1
1 Chronicles5
Psalms1

Names, family links and references: STEPBible TIPNR (Tyndale House Cambridge, CC BY 4.0). Short descriptions were drafted with AI assistance by STEPBible. Family links follow STEPBible’s scholarly decisions where genealogies are ambiguous.