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Person

Naomi

Woman living before Israel's Monarchy

Naomi, also known as Mara, was an Israelite woman who, after losing her husband and sons, returned from Moab to Bethlehem with her daughter-in-law Ruth.

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Also known as Mara

Naomi, later known as Mara, was an Israelite woman from Bethlehem who played a significant role in the Book of Ruth. She was the wife of Elimelech and the mother of Mahlon and Chilion.

During a time of famine, Naomi and her family moved to the land of Moab. While there, her sons married Moabite women, Ruth and Orpah. Tragically, Elimelech and both of Naomi's sons died, leaving her widowed and childless (Rut.1.1-5).

Hearing that the famine in Israel had ended, Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem. She encouraged her daughters-in-law to remain in Moab, but Ruth insisted on accompanying her (Rut.1.6-18). Upon their arrival in Bethlehem, Naomi expressed her bitterness, saying, "Call me Mara, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me" (Rut.1.20). The name "Mara" means "bitter" in Hebrew.

Naomi played a crucial role in guiding Ruth and helping her find security and provision. She instructed Ruth to glean in the fields of Boaz, a relative of Elimelech (Rut.2.1-3). Later, Naomi encouraged Ruth to seek marriage with Boaz as a kinsman-redeemer, following Israelite custom (Rut.3.1-4).

Through Boaz and Ruth's marriage, Naomi's lineage was preserved. When their son Obed was born, the women of Bethlehem declared to Naomi, "Blessed be the Lord, who has not left you this day without a redeemer" (Rut.4.14). Obed became the grandfather of King David, making Naomi an ancestor of both David and, ultimately, Jesus Christ.

Naomi's story is one of loss, faithfulness, and redemption. Her journey from bitterness to joy, through the love and loyalty of Ruth and the providence of God, has made her an enduring example of faith and resilience.

Family

Spouse or partner
Elimelech

Connections

Part of: Judges era and the road to David

Naomi and Ruth: mother-in-law and daughter-in-law

FamilyStated in the text

After Elimelech and their sons died in Moab, Naomi returned to Bethlehem; her Moabite daughter-in-law Ruth refused to leave ("Your people shall be my people"). Their bond drives the plot, and the women of Bethlehem call the child born to Ruth "Naomi's son".

Where the text shows it: Ruth 1:16-17 — Ruth's pledgeRuth 3:1-5 — Naomi plans Ruth's futureRuth 4:14-17 — The women bless Naomi; the child is Naomi's

Sources: Ruth 1:16-17 · Ruth 3:1-5 · Ruth 4:14-17

Ruth and Boaz: the kinsman-redeemer

FamilyStated in the text

Boaz, a relative of Elimelech, allowed Ruth to glean, acted as redeemer after a closer relative declined, bought the family land and married Ruth. The account joins the law of redemption (Lev 25) and levirate practice with a story of kindness (hesed).

Where the text shows it: Ruth 2:1-3 — Boaz is of Elimelech's familyRuth 3:9-13 — Ruth asks Boaz to redeemRuth 4:1-10 — Legal redemption at the gateLev 25:25 — The redeemer law

Sources: Ruth 2:1-3 · Ruth 3:9-13 · Ruth 4:1-10 · Lev 25:25

Bible dictionary

Naomi Easton Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897)

The lovable; my delight, the wife of Elimelech, and mother of Mahlon and Chilion, and mother-in-law of Ruth (1:2, 20, 21; 2:1). Elimelech and his wife left the district of Bethlehem-Judah, and found a new home in the uplands of Moab. In course of time he died, as also his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, who had married women of Moab, and three widows were left mourning the loss of their husbands. Naomi longs to return now to her own land, to Bethlehem. One of her widowed daughters-in-law, Ruth, accompanies her, and is at length married to Boaz (q.v.).

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Naomi Smith Smith’s Bible Dictionary (1863)

or Nao’mi (my delight), the wife of Elimelech and mother-in-law of Ruth. (Ruth 1:2) etc.; Ruth 2:1 etc.; Ruth 3:1; 4:3 etc. (B.C. 1363.) The name is derived from a root signifying sweetness or pleasantness. Naomi left Judea with her husband and two sons, in a time of famine and went to the land of Moab. Here her husband and sons died; and on her return to Bethlehem she wished to be known as Mara, bitterness, instead of Naomi, sweetness.

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Naomi Hitchcock Hitchcock’s Bible Names Dictionary (1869)

beautiful; agreeable

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Naomi Hastings Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible (1898)

NAO'MI (my delight), the wife of Elimelech, and the mother-in-law of Ruth, who moved with their two sons from Judaea to Moab in the time of a famine. Ruth 1:2. Elimelech died, and also his two sons, each leaving a widow; Naomi, thus bereaved, started back to her native country. Orphah remained behind, but Ruth accompanied her. Once back in Bethlehem, she wished to be known by the name Mara ("bitterness"). She thenceforth acted the part of a faithful mother to Ruth. Naomi is one of the most pathetic characters in all history, and engages our admiration by her calm and unselfish conduct in the hour of affliction.

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Naomi Schaff Schaff’s Dictionary of the Bible

NAO'MI (my delight), the wife of Elimelech, and the mother-in-law of Ruth, who moved with their two sons from Judaea to Moab in the time of a famine. Ruth 1:2. Elimelech died, and also his two sons, each leaving a widow; Naomi, thus bereaved, started back to her native country. Orphah remained behind, but Ruth accompanied her. Once back in Bethlehem, she wished to be known by the name Mara ("bitterness"). She thenceforth acted the part of a faithful mother to Ruth. Naomi is one of the most pathetic characters in all history, and engages our admiration by her calm and unselfish conduct in the hour of affliction.

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Easton (1897), Smith (1863), Hitchcock (1869), Hastings (1898) and Schaff are in the public domain. Parsed text: neuu-org/bible-dictionary-dataset (CC BY 4.0). Headwords and whitespace normalised for this site.

Where Naomi appears

20 verses in 1 book · English text: BSB (change it from the menu at the top) · Strong’s H5281

Ruth20

Names, family links and references: STEPBible TIPNR (Tyndale House Cambridge, CC BY 4.0). Short descriptions were drafted with AI assistance by STEPBible. Family links follow STEPBible’s scholarly decisions where genealogies are ambiguous.