Herod Antipas was the tetrarch of Galilee during Jesus' ministry and played a role in Jesus' trial.
Herod Antipas was the son of Herod the Great and ruled as tetrarch of Galilee and Perea during the time of Jesus' ministry. He is mentioned in the Gospels in connection with the imprisonment and execution of John the Baptist (Mat.14.3,6; Mrk.6.17-29; Luk.3.19-20). Herod Antipas had married Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, which John the Baptist condemned as unlawful. In retaliation, Herodias's daughter danced for Herod Antipas and requested the head of John the Baptist as a reward. Herod, though reluctant, fulfilled her request and had John beheaded. During Jesus' ministry, Herod Antipas heard about Jesus' miracles and teachings and was perplexed, thinking that John the Baptist had risen from the dead (Mat.14.1-2; Mrk.6.14-16; Luk.9.7-9). Later, during Jesus' trial, Pontius Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas, who was in Jerusalem at the time (Luk.23.7-12). Herod Antipas questioned Jesus, hoping to see a miracle, but Jesus remained silent. Herod and his soldiers mocked Jesus, dressed him in an elegant robe, and sent him back to Pilate. This encounter between Herod Antipas and Jesus is unique to the Gospel of Luke.
Herod the Great and three sons
FamilyWidely acceptedThe NT Herods belong to one family. After Herod the Great died, Archelaus ruled Judea, Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, and Philip tetrarch of the northeast. Matthew and Luke name three of the four; Josephus supplies the genealogy.
Sources: Scripture · Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Herodias, married to two half-brothers
FamilyStated in the textMark says Herod Antipas took Herodias, his brother Philip's wife. John said it was unlawful. Josephus names her first husband as another half-brother (also called Herod). The Philip in the Gospels is usually distinguished from the tetrarch Philip.
Where the text shows it: Mark 6:17-18 — Herod married his brother Philip's wife HerodiasLuke 3:19 — John rebukes Herod for Herodias Sources: Scripture · Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Herodias was also Antipas's niece
FamilyWidely acceptedJosephus says Herodias was a granddaughter of Herod the Great through Aristobulus, making her Antipas's niece as well as sister-in-law. The NT does not mention this.
Where the text shows it: Mark 6:17 — Herodias as his brother's wife Sources: Scripture · Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
The dancer is Salome
FamilyWidely acceptedMark calls the dancer "his daughter Herodias" in some manuscripts or "the daughter of Herodias" in others; Josephus names Herodias's daughter Salome, who later married the tetrarch Philip. The Gospels never name her.
Where the text shows it: Mark 6:22 — The daughter of Herodias dancesMatthew 14:6-11 — Daughter of Herodias asks for John's head Sources: Scripture · Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Antipas imprisons and kills John
RoleStated in the textAntipas arrested John over Herodias, feared and listened to him, and then had him beheaded after Salome's dance and a rash oath. Josephus gives a political motive (fear of unrest) rather than a marital one.
Sources: Scripture · Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Pilate sends Jesus to Antipas
RoleStated in the textOnly Luke records Pilate sending Jesus to Herod Antipas in Jerusalem, where Antipas mocked him. Luke adds that Herod and Pilate became friends that day, having been enemies before.
Sources: Scripture
Joanna, wife of Herod's steward
FamilyStated in the textJoanna, wife of Chuza, Herod's steward, is among the women who supported Jesus from their means and who later heard the angel at the tomb. Her husband's position put a disciple inside Antipas's household.
Where the text shows it: Luke 8:3 — Joanna, wife of Chuza, Herod's household managerLuke 24:10 — Joanna at the empty tomb Sources: Scripture
Manaen, raised with Herod Antipas
FriendsStated in the textManaen is described as having been brought up with Herod the tetrarch before becoming a prophet and teacher at Antioch beside Barnabas and Saul. The Greek syntrophos may mean foster-brother or childhood companion.
Where the text shows it: Acts 13:1 — Manaen brought up with Herod the tetrarch Sources: Scripture
Did Joanna and Manaen supply Luke's Herod stories?
RoleHypothesisLuke alone reports the news of Herod hearing about Jesus, the warning about "that fox", and Jesus before Herod. Because Joanna and Manaen had Herodian ties, some suggest they were Luke's sources.
Ways people read this (3)
- Luke drew on Joanna and Manaen for court material.
- Luke used general informants or traditions, and the pairing is coincidental.
- Bauckham argues the Junia of Romans 16:7 may be this Joanna, a separate and more speculative claim.
Sources: Richard Bauckham, Gospel Women
Pilate and Antipas: enemies to friends
RoleStated in the textLuke notes Pilate and Antipas were enemies before Jesus' appearance before Herod. Luke 13:1 mentions Pilate mixing Galileans' blood with their sacrifices, which may be the source of the tension.
Sources: Scripture
24 verses in 4 books · English text: BSB (change it from the menu at the top) · Strong’s G2264