Daniel 11
Berean Standard Bible · Compare translations · 536 BC – 535 BC · Return & rebuilding · Tap a verse to copy, share or highlight ·
45 verses · 1367 words · ~7 min read · ~9 min listen
Kings of the South and North
1“And I, in the first year of Darius the Mede, stood up to strengthen and protect him.
2Now then, I will tell you the truth: Three more kings will arise in Persia, and then a fourth, who will be far richer than all the others. By the power of his wealth, he will stir up everyone against the kingdom of Greece.
3Then a mighty king will arise, who will rule with great authority and do as he pleases. 4But as soon as he is established, his kingdom will be broken up and parceled out toward the four winds of heaven. It will not go to his descendants, nor will it have the authority with which he ruled, because his kingdom will be uprooted and given to others.
5The king of the South will grow strong, but one of his commanders will grow even stronger and will rule his own kingdom with great authority.
6After some years they will form an alliance, and the daughter of the king of the South will go to the king of the North to seal the agreement. But his daughter will not retain her position of power, nor will his strength endure. At that time she will be given up, along with her royal escort and her father and the one who supported her.
7But one from her family line will rise up in his place, come against the army of the king of the North, and enter his fortress, fighting and prevailing. 8He will take even their gods captive to Egypt, with their metal images and their precious vessels of silver and gold. For some years he will stay away from the king of the North, 9who will invade the realm of the king of the South and then return to his own land.
10But his sons will stir up strife and assemble a great army, which will advance forcefully, sweeping through like a flood, and will again carry the battle as far as his fortress. 11In a rage, the king of the South will march out to fight the king of the North, who will raise a large army, but it will be delivered into the hand of his enemy.
12When the army is carried off, the king of the South will be proud in heart and will cast down tens of thousands, but he will not triumph. 13For the king of the North will raise another army, larger than the first, and after some years he will advance with a great army and many supplies.
14In those times many will rise up against the king of the South. Violent ones among your own people will exalt themselves in fulfillment of the vision, but they will fail.
15Then the king of the North will come, build up a siege ramp, and capture a fortified city. The forces of the South will not stand; even their best troops will not be able to resist. 16The invader will do as he pleases, and no one will stand against him. He will establish himself in the Beautiful Land, with destruction in his hand. 17He will resolve to come with the strength of his whole kingdom, and will reach an agreement with the king of the South. He will give him a daughter in marriage in order to overthrow the kingdom, but his plan will not succeed or help him.
18Then he will turn his face to the coastlands and capture many of them. But a commander will put an end to his reproach and will turn it back upon him. 19After this, he will turn back toward the fortresses of his own land, but he will stumble and fall and be no more.
20In his place one will arise who will send out a tax collector for the glory of the kingdom; but within a few days he will be destroyed, though not in anger or in battle.
21In his place a despicable person will arise; royal honors will not be given to him, but he will come in a time of peace and seize the kingdom by intrigue. 22Then a flood of forces will be swept away before him and destroyed, along with a prince of the covenant.
23After an alliance is made with him, he will act deceitfully; for he will rise to power with only a few people. 24In a time of peace, he will invade the richest provinces and do what his fathers and forefathers never did. He will lavish plunder, loot, and wealth on his followers, and he will plot against the strongholds—but only for a time.
25And with a large army he will stir up his power and his courage against the king of the South, who will mobilize a very large and powerful army but will not withstand the plots devised against him. 26Those who eat from his provisions will seek to destroy him; his army will be swept away, and many will fall slain.
27And the two kings, with their hearts bent on evil, will speak lies at the same table, but to no avail, for still the end will come at the appointed time. 28The king of the North will return to his land with great wealth, but his heart will be set against the holy covenant; so he will do damage and return to his own land.
29At the appointed time he will invade the South again, but this time will not be like the first. 30Ships of Kittim will come against him, and he will lose heart. Then he will turn back and rage against the holy covenant and do damage. So he will return and show favor to those who forsake the holy covenant. 31His forces will rise up and desecrate the temple fortress. They will abolish the daily sacrifice and set up the abomination of desolation.
32With flattery he will corrupt those who violate the covenant, but the people who know their God will firmly resist him. 33Those with insight will instruct many, though for a time they will fall by sword or flame, or be captured or plundered.
34Now when they fall, they will be granted a little help, but many will join them insincerely. 35Some of the wise will fall, so that they may be refined, purified, and made spotless until the time of the end, for it will still come at the appointed time.
The King Who Exalts Himself
36Then the king will do as he pleases and will exalt and magnify himself above every god, and he will speak monstrous things against the God of gods. He will be successful until the time of wrath is completed, for what has been decreed must be accomplished. 37He will show no regard for the gods of his fathers, nor for the one desired by women, nor for any other god, because he will magnify himself above them all.
38And in their place, he will honor a god of fortresses—a god his fathers did not know—with gold, silver, precious stones, and riches. 39He will attack the strongest fortresses with the help of a foreign god and will greatly honor those who acknowledge him, making them rulers over many and distributing the land for a price.
40At the time of the end, the king of the South will engage him in battle, but the king of the North will storm out against him with chariots, horsemen, and many ships, invading many countries and sweeping through them like a flood. 41He will also invade the Beautiful Land, and many countries will fall. But these will be delivered from his hand: Edom, Moab, and the leaders of the Ammonites.
42He will extend his power over many countries, and not even the land of Egypt will escape. 43He will gain control of the treasures of gold and silver and over all the riches of Egypt, and the Libyans and Cushites will also submit to him.
44But news from the east and the north will alarm him, and he will go out with great fury to destroy many and devote them to destruction. 45He will pitch his royal tents between the sea and the beautiful holy mountain, but he will meet his end with no one to help him.
Footnotes (11)
- a v2 Hebrew of Javan
- b v6 Or offspring
- c v6 Or child; see Vulgate and Syriac.
- d v7 Literally a branch from her roots
- e v13 Hebrew at the end of the times
- f v17 Or but she will not stand with him or support him
- g v30 Or western coastlands or Mediterranean islands
- h v39 Or for a reward
- i v40 Hebrew will thrust at him
- j v43 That is, people from the upper Nile region
- k v44 Forms of the Hebrew cherem refer to the giving over of things or persons, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering.
Study notes on this chapter · 5
The ram and the goat: Persia and Greece
Daniel sees a two-horned ram defeated by a goat with one great horn, which breaks and is replaced by four horns. The angel Gabriel says the ram stands for the kings of Media and Persia, and the goat for the king of Greece. Most readers identify the great horn with Alexander the Great and the four horns with the kingdoms of his successors, and the small horn with Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
When: Daniel, set in c. 550 BC; Alexander, 336–323 BC; Antiochus IV, 175–164 BC.
Ways people read this (3)
- A prophecy given in the sixth century BC foretelling the Persian and Greek empires (traditional dating).
- A book composed c. 165 BC during the persecution of Antiochus IV, looking back on those events as prophecy (the common critical view).
- Some see the small horn as a pattern pointing also to a future figure at the end of the age.
Editorial note by BibleWay. Interpretations vary; dates are approximate scholarly estimates.
The abomination of desolation
Jesus tells his disciples that when they see 'the abomination of desolation, spoken of by the prophet Daniel', standing in the holy place, those in Judea should flee to the mountains. Daniel's phrase was applied to Antiochus IV's desecration of the temple in 167 BC. Interpreters disagree on whether Jesus points to events in AD 66–70, to a future event, or to both.
When: Daniel, c. 530 or c. 165 BC; Jesus' Olivet discourse, c. AD 30–33; Jerusalem fell in AD 70.
Ways people read this (4)
- Fulfilled when Roman armies surrounded Jerusalem (Luke 21:20) and the temple was destroyed in AD 70 (preterist and many other readings).
- Fulfilled in part in AD 70 and awaiting a fuller fulfillment in an end-time desecration.
- A future event: the antichrist setting up an image or claiming worship in a rebuilt temple (dispensationalist readings).
- Antiochus IV's desecration was the first fulfillment, with Jesus applying the pattern to a new desecration.
Editorial note by BibleWay. Interpretations vary; dates are approximate scholarly estimates.
Kings of the north and the south
Daniel 11 lists Persian kings, the rise of a mighty king of Greece, the division of his empire, and then alternating conflict between the kings of the north (the Seleucids) and the south (the Ptolemies). Verses 21–35 describe a contemptible ruler who profanes the temple, which fits Antiochus IV Epiphanes (167 BC). Readers disagree on where the chapter moves from history to the end of the age, and on when it was written.
When: Daniel, set in c. 536 BC; events from 530 to 164 BC.
Ways people read this (4)
- Verses 1–35 describe the Persian to Seleucid periods, and 36–45 point to a future end-time ruler.
- The whole chapter concerns Antiochus IV and his death, with some details not matching history.
- Critics see the accuracy up to 164 BC and the turn to error afterward as evidence of composition during the Maccabean crisis.
- Traditional readers see a detailed prophecy written in the sixth century.
Editorial note by BibleWay. Interpretations vary; dates are approximate scholarly estimates.
The king who exalts himself above every god
From Daniel 11:36 the king 'does as he pleases', exalts himself above every god, and meets his end between the sea and the glorious holy mountain. Since the chapter's earlier verses match the Seleucid kings closely, readers disagree on whether verse 36 still describes Antiochus IV or turns to a figure at the end of time.
When: Daniel, c. 530–164 BC; proposed fulfillments run to a future end time.
Ways people read this (4)
- Still Antiochus IV Epiphanes, described in increasingly exaggerated terms, whose actual death did not match the details.
- A future end-time ruler, sometimes identified with the antichrist (many Christian commentators since the early church).
- Rome or another historical power, read in historicist interpretation.
- A type: Antiochus is a pattern for later persecuting powers.
Editorial note by BibleWay. Interpretations vary; dates are approximate scholarly estimates.
The man of lawlessness
Paul tells the Thessalonians that the day of the Lord will not come until the rebellion occurs and the 'man of lawlessness' is revealed, who sets himself up in God's temple and claims to be God. Paul says something 'restrains' him now. Nearly every part of the passage has been interpreted in several ways.
When: 2 Thessalonians, c. AD 50–51.
Ways people read this (5)
- A future individual antichrist, with a temple that is rebuilt or symbolic (futurist).
- A Roman emperor (Caligula, Nero) or a wider Roman-era opposition (preterist), and the restrainer is the Roman state.
- An institution or system of apostasy, such as the papacy (historicist Protestant).
- The restrainer has been identified as the Holy Spirit, the church, government and law, the archangel Michael, or Paul's own preaching.
- The 'temple' is the church, or the Jerusalem temple before AD 70.
Editorial note by BibleWay. Interpretations vary; dates are approximate scholarly estimates.